研究RESEARCH研究专题RESEARCH TOPIC

合成湍流下垂直轴风力机的气动响应与尾流动力学Turbulent Inflow and Vertical-axis Wind Turbine Wakes

2026-08-25作者 · 气动声学与湍流实验室Aeroacoustics and Turbulence Laboratory原始页面Original page ↗

垂直轴风力机合成湍流非定常载荷尾流动力学Vertical-axis turbinesSynthetic turbulenceUnsteady loadingWake dynamics

科学问题QUESTION

海上复杂来流中的湍流如何影响垂直轴风力机叶片载荷、尾流恢复及相干结构？

How does turbulent inflow affect blade loading, wake recovery and coherent structures in vertical-axis wind turbines?

研究方法METHOD

结合冯·卡门谱合成湍流、二维 URANS、气动力频谱与 POD，比较不同湍流强度下的响应。

Combine von Kármán synthetic turbulence, two-dimensional URANS, force spectra and POD to compare responses at different turbulence intensities.

验证证据EVIDENCE

气动力时序、平均速度场和 POD 模态共同表明，湍流增强载荷波动并加快尾流恢复，同时改变尾流能量分布。

Force histories, mean velocity fields and POD modes show increased load fluctuations, faster wake recovery and altered modal energy distributions.

METHOD & CONTEXT

我们如何研究How we investigate

垂直轴风力机不依赖来流风向、结构紧凑，在海上等复杂风环境中具有应用潜力。实际来流中的湍流会同时影响叶片载荷和下游尾流，因此需要把湍流输入、旋转叶片的气动响应与尾流演化联系起来研究。本研究围绕合成冯·卡门湍流来流，分析湍流强度如何改变垂直轴风力机的非定常气动力与尾流动力学。

研究基于冯·卡门湍流能谱生成合成来流，并结合二维非定常雷诺平均纳维–斯托克斯（URANS）数值模型，对比稳定来流及不同湍流强度下的流场、单叶片法向力与切向力。进一步利用频谱分析和本征正交分解（POD），识别尾流主导模态、能量分布及其与叶片气动力的频率联系。

随着湍流强度升高，来流扰动与旋转叶片的相互作用增强，叶片附近的流动分离、再附着和涡结构演化更加复杂。气动力响应由较规则的周期变化转向包含更多宽频成分的非定常波动。在文中给定的风机与计算工况下，TI = 30% 时的单叶片峰值法向力约为 53 N，而稳定来流下约为 43 N；这些数值用于说明该工况的载荷变化，不代表其他尺寸或运行条件下的风机载荷。

湍流增强了尾流区域的动量交换，使平均速度亏损减弱、尾流恢复加快，同时也增加了尾流的不对称性和非定常波动。POD 分析表明，湍流强度升高时主导模态的能量占比降低，尾流由大尺度相干结构主导向多尺度运动转变。前两阶尾流模态与法向力的主导频率、第三阶模态与切向力的主导频率存在对应关系，体现了叶片载荷与尾流结构的耦合。

这项研究为复杂湍流环境下的风机载荷评估、结构优化和机组间距设计提供了数值依据。其结论来自二维 URANS 模型及所研究的来流条件；在推广到实际海上风场、三维叶尖效应或其他运行参数时，仍需结合对应工况开展验证。

Vertical-axis wind turbines are insensitive to wind direction and have a compact structure. This study examines how synthetic von Kármán turbulent inflow affects their aerodynamic response and wake dynamics in conditions relevant to offshore applications.

A two-dimensional URANS model compares steady inflow with different turbulence intensities. Force spectra and POD connect changes in blade loading to the energy distribution and characteristic frequencies of wake structures.

Higher turbulence intensity produces stronger unsteady loading and broader spectral content. For the reported turbine and operating conditions, the peak single-blade normal force rises from approximately 43 N under steady inflow to approximately 53 N at TI = 30%. These values are specific to the reported case.

Enhanced momentum exchange accelerates wake recovery while increasing asymmetry and unsteadiness. The leading POD mode loses relative energy as multiscale motion becomes more prominent. The first two wake modes correspond to dominant normal-force frequencies and the third to a dominant tangential-force frequency.

The results inform load assessment, structural optimisation and turbine-spacing studies. They are based on a two-dimensional numerical model; extension to real offshore sites, three-dimensional tip effects or other operating conditions requires further validation.

VISUAL EVIDENCE

计算与分析图像Computational evidence

图1：合成湍流与垂直轴风力机相互作用的数值计算示意图（原文图1）。 / Computational model of synthetic-turbulence interaction with a vertical-axis wind turbine (source Fig. 1). — 01图1：合成湍流与垂直轴风力机相互作用的数值计算示意图（原文图1）。Computational model of synthetic-turbulence interaction with a vertical-axis wind turbine (source Fig. 1).

图2：不同湍流强度下，单叶片法向力与切向力随方位角的瞬时变化（原文图4）。 / Instantaneous normal and tangential blade forces versus azimuth at different turbulence intensities (source Fig. 4). — 02图2：不同湍流强度下，单叶片法向力与切向力随方位角的瞬时变化（原文图4）。Instantaneous normal and tangential blade forces versus azimuth at different turbulence intensities (source Fig. 4).

图3：稳定来流及不同湍流强度下的平均速度亏损与尾流恢复特征（原文图6）。 / Mean velocity deficits and wake recovery under steady and turbulent inflow (source Fig. 6). — 03图3：稳定来流及不同湍流强度下的平均速度亏损与尾流恢复特征（原文图6）。Mean velocity deficits and wake recovery under steady and turbulent inflow (source Fig. 6).

图4：尾流 POD 模态能量分布及频谱响应，展示模态频率与叶片气动力的联系（原文图7）。 / Wake POD modal energy distributions and spectra, relating modal frequencies to blade forces (source Fig. 7). — 04图4：尾流 POD 模态能量分布及频谱响应，展示模态频率与叶片气动力的联系（原文图7）。Wake POD modal energy distributions and spectra, relating modal frequencies to blade forces (source Fig. 7).